stone spray robot produces architecture from soil

sand shelter render

a research project by anna kulik, inder shergill and petr novikov, under the supervision of marta male alemany, jordi portell and miquel lloveras of IAAC,
'stone spray' is a robotic 3D printer that produces architecture out of soil. the team's research was focused on the field of additive manufacturing in architecture,
finding means of proposing new eco-friendly, efficient and innovative systems to print architecture in 3D. the mechanized device collects dirt/sand on site
and then sprays it from a nozzle in combination with a binder component. when this mixture hits the surface it solidifies to create sculptural forms.
because the movements of the robot are digitally controlled by computer, the designer has direct input on the resulting shape. unlike other 3D printers,
the 'stone spray' robot can print multi-directionally, even on vertical surfaces.



stone spray robot


robotic arm that deposits sand




sand wall
500 mm x 150 mm x 400 mm


the sand wall experiment shows that the system can be applied on an architectural scale. the result represents a section of a wall.
a script was developed to optimize the structure making it strong enough to support not only itself, but also bear a load.


sand stool (formwork)
beach sand, soil solidifier
200 x 200 x 200 mm


this stool was made using a stone spray nozzle and wire scaffolding. it took only three hours to make it and one hour for it to solidify completely.
this research shows that scaffolding speeds up the process of spraying and improves structural qualities.
during this experimentation, some decisions regarding nozzle configuration were taken into account.



sand stool (no formwork)
400 x 400 x 400 mm


this 'sand stool' structure is a replica of the previous model done with formwork, but in this case, metal wire has not been used.
the structure holds itself without any support material - it only uses sand and the soil-solidifier. here, the size of the stool has been increased.



sand tree
200 x 200 x 400 mm

the 'sand tree' experiment explored the possibilities of multi-directional spraying without scaffolding.
as a result the rules of length and angle proportions were create.



multi-directional arc experimentation resulting in a 200 x 200 x 100 mm object consisting of 23 arcs



mock-up produced without any scaffolding or support material which measures 170 x 170 x 400 mm, where as the structure began to grow, it shaped holes to allow the material to solidify faster



scale comparison: the column on the left took 20 minutes to create, while the one to the left took 10 - produced without any scaffolding or support material



Stone Spray Project from Stone Spray on Vimeo.

stone spray project
video courtesy of stone spray


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